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Function ↓ |
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place or |
location |
wo - where |
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direction |
origin |
woher - (from) where |
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destination |
wohin - (to) where | |
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extension |
soweit - as, so far as, insofar as | |
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time |
point in time |
als - when, as wie - as |
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duration |
solange - as long as während - while indes (geh.) - while | |
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repetition |
sooft - as often as wenn - whenever, when | |
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referring to previous events |
als - when nachdem - after seitdem - since sobald - as soon as wie - wenn | |
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referring to impending events |
bis - until bevor - before ehe - before | |
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cause, reason |
concessive (insufficient reason) |
obgleich - even though , although obschon obwohl obzwar wenn auch wenngleich wennschon wiewohl ; as well as ohne daß (negative) - without es sei denn, dass - unless |
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conditional (possible reason ) |
falls - if wenn - if sofern - provided (that) wo(fern) (old) - if angenommen (daß) im Falle daß - in the case that vorausgesetzt daß - assuming that | |
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causal (actual reason) |
da - because, since weil - because deswegen weil - because umsomehr als - all the more considering or as zumal (decisive reason) - especially or particularly as, since | |
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purpose, consequence |
final (purpose, goal) |
da mit - so that daß - that auf daß (elevated style) (old) - that um (w/infinitive phrase) - in order to |
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consecutive (consequence, effect) |
daß - that so daß - so that weshalb - why ohne (w/inf. clause) - without ohne daß (non-occurring consequence) - without + gerund als daß (impossible consequence) - too + adj. + to + inf. | |
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manner |
comparative |
wie (equality) - as als (inequality) - than soviel (degree) - as much soweit (degree) - as far wie wenn (comparison within fact) - as when als ob (comparison contrary to fact) - as if or though als wenn (comparison contrary to fact) - as if or though |
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adversative (contrast) |
während - while indes - however indessen - however wohingegen - whereas, while (an)statt (w/inf) - instead of + gerund statt daß (substitute) - instead | |
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instrumental (means, accompanying circumstance) |
indem - by, while dadurch daß - by + gerund + that ohne daß (negative) - without + gerund | |
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proportion |
je . . . desto - the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative ) je . . . je - the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative ) je . . . umso - the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative ) umso . . . je - the . . . the (the + comparative + the + comparative ) je nachdem - depending on | |
